[古代][转帖]诗的种类
<table class="b" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="778" align="center" border="0"><tbody><tr><td align="center" width="716" height="28"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">诗的种类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" border="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="749"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></b><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">关于诗的种类，问题是相当复杂的。《唐诗三百首》的编者把诗分为古诗、律诗、绝句三类，又在这三类中都附有乐府一类；古诗、律诗、绝句又各分为五言、七言。这是一种分法。沈德潜所编的《唐诗别裁》的分类稍有不同：他不把乐府独立起来，但是他增加了五<span class="GramE">言长律</span>一类。宋郭知达所编的杜甫诗集就只简单地分为古诗和近体诗两类。现在<span class="GramE">我们试就上述</span>三种分类法再参照别的分类法加以讨论。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">从格律上看，诗可分为古体诗和近体诗。古体诗又称古诗或古风；近体诗又<span class="GramE">称今体</span>诗。从字数上看，有四言诗，五言诗，七言诗<a name="注释1"></a><a href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/libpage/gdsc/fzyl/gy-szl.htm#返回1"><span style="mso-bookmark: 注释1;"><span lang="EN-US">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 注释1;"></span></a>。唐代以后，四言诗很少见了，所以一般诗集只分为五言、七言两类。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">（一）古体和近体</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">古体诗是依照古代的诗体来写的。在唐人看来，从《诗经》到南北朝的<span class="GramE">庾</span>信，都算是古，因此，所谓依照古代的诗体，也就没有一定的标准。但是，诗人们所写的古体诗，有一点是一致的，那就是不受近体诗的格律的束缚。我们可以说 ，凡不受近体格律的束缚的，都是古体诗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">乐府产生于汉代，本来是配音乐的，所以称为“乐府”或“乐府诗”。这种乐府诗称为“曲”、“辞”、“歌”、“行”等。到了唐代以后，文人摹拟这种诗体而写成的古体诗，也叫“乐府”，但是已经不再配音乐了。由于隋唐时代逐渐形成了新音乐，后来又产生了配新音乐的歌词，叫做“词”。词大概产生于盛唐。在乐府衰微之后，<span class="GramE">词产生</span>之前的一个过渡时期，配新乐曲的<span class="GramE">歌辞即采用</span>近体诗。像王维的《渭城曲》、李白的《清平调》，都是近体诗的形式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">近体诗以律诗为代表。律诗的韵、平仄、对仗，都有许多讲究。由于格律很严，所以称为律诗。律诗有以下四个特点：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a、每首限定八句，五律共四十字，七律共五十六字；<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b、<span class="GramE">押平声韵</span>；<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c、每句的平仄都有规定；<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">d、每篇必须有对仗，对仗的位置也有规定。<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">有一种超过八句的律诗，<span class="GramE">称为长律</span>。<span class="GramE">长律自然</span>也是近体诗。<span class="GramE">长律一般</span>是五言的<a name="返回2"></a><a href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/libpage/gdsc/fzyl/gy-szl.htm#注释2"><span style="mso-bookmark: 返回2;"><span lang="EN-US">[2]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 返回2;"></span></a>，往往在题目上<span class="GramE">标明韵数</span>，如杜甫《风疾舟中伏枕书怀三十六韵》，就是三百六十字；白居易《代书诗一百韵寄微之》，就是一千字。这种<span class="GramE">长律除了尾联（或除了</span>首尾两联）以外，一律用对仗，所以又叫排律。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">绝句比律诗的字数少一半。五言绝句只有二十字，七言绝句只有二十八字。绝句实际上可以<span class="GramE">分为古绝</span>、律绝两类。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span class="GramE"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">古绝可以</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">用仄韵。即使<span class="GramE">是押平声韵</span>的，也不受近体诗平仄规则的束缚。这可以归入古体诗一类。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">律绝不<span class="GramE">但押平声韵</span>，而且依照近体诗的平仄规则。在形式上它们就等于半首律诗。这可以归入近体诗。<a name="返回3"></a><a href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/libpage/gdsc/fzyl/gy-szl.htm#注释3"><span style="mso-bookmark: 返回3;"><span lang="EN-US">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 返回3;"></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">总括起来说：一般所谓古风属于古体诗，而律诗（包括长律）则属于近体诗。乐府和绝句，有些属于古体，有些属于近体。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">（二）五言和七言</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五<span class="GramE">言就是</span>五个字一句，七<span class="GramE">言就是</span>七个字一句。五言古诗简称五古，七言古诗<span class="GramE">简称七古</span>；五言律诗简称五律，七言律诗简称七律；五言绝句简称五绝，七言绝句简称七绝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="TEXT-INDENT: 22pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">古风分为五古、<span class="GramE">七古</span>，这只是大致的分法。其实除了五言、七言之外，还有<span class="GramE">所谓杂言</span>。<span class="GramE">杂言指</span>的是长短句杂在一起，主要是三字句、五字句、七字句，其中偶然也有四字句、六字句、以及七字以上的句子。<span class="GramE">杂言诗</span>一般不别立一类，而只<span class="GramE">归入七古</span>。甚至篇中完全没有七字句，只要是长短句，也就<span class="GramE">归入七古</span>。这是习惯上的分类法，是没有甚么理论根据的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="返回1"></a><a href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/libpage/gdsc/fzyl/gy-szl.htm#注释1"><span style="mso-bookmark: 返回1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 返回1;"></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">六言诗是很少见的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="注释2"></a><a href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/libpage/gdsc/fzyl/gy-szl.htm#返回2"><span style="mso-bookmark: 注释2;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[2]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 注释2;"></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">也有七<span class="GramE">言长律</span>，如杜甫《清明》二首等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="注释3"></a><a href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/libpage/gdsc/fzyl/gy-szl.htm#返回3"><span style="mso-bookmark: 注释3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 注释3;"></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郭知达编杜甫诗集把多数绝句都归入近体诗。元<span class="GramE">稹</span>所编的《白氏长庆集》索性就把这种绝句归入律诗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><p></p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
